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Rope entanglement injury is a rare entity. Previous reported studies mainly consisted of finger-related injuries. We describe three cases of rope entanglement injury of the lower leg. In the first patient, a belowthe- knee amputation was performed as the primary treatment for unilateral amputated lower limb. In the second patient, a below-the-knee amputation and perineal wound management were simultaneously performed. The third patient had vascular injury combined with internal soft tissue injury without related bone fracture. He suffered serious sequelae from a delay in transfer from a local hospital. Rope entanglement injuries of the lower leg do not present in a consistent manner, and the treatment of accompanying injuries should be considered from an early stage. Care should be taken to ensure that there are no internal injuries missed because the exterior appears to be stable.
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Purpose@#The incidence and prognostic implications of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are controversial, especially for Korean patients. Furthermore, the pattern of antithrombotic therapy for these patients is unknown. The present study sought to identify the impact of AF on Korean patients undergoing TAVI and demonstrate the status of antithrombotic therapy for these patients. @*Materials and Methods@#A total of 660 patients who underwent TAVI for severe AS were recruited from the nationwide K-TAVI registry in Korea. The enrolled patients were stratified into sinus rhythm (SR) and AF groups. The primary endpoint was all-cause death at 1-year. @*Results@#AF was recorded in 135 patients [pre-existing AF 108 (16.4%) and new-onset AF 27 (4.1%)]. The rate of all-cause death at 1 year was significantly higher in patients with AF than in those with SR [16.2% vs. 6.4%, adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 2.207, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.182–4.120, p=0.013], regardless of the onset timing of AF. The rate of new pacemaker insertion at 1 year was also significantly higher in patients with AF than in those with SR (14.0% vs. 5.5%, adjusted HR: 3.137, 95%CI: 1.621–6.071, p=0.001).Among AF patients, substantial number of patients received the combination of multiple antithrombotic agents (77.8%), and the most common combination was that of aspirin and clopidogrel (38.1%). @*Conclusion@#AF was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality and new pacemaker insertion in Korean patients undergoing TAVI.
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Background and Objectives@#Tricuspid valve (TV) repair techniques other than annuloplasty remain challenging and frequently end in tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) in complicated cases. However, the results of TVR are suboptimal compared with TV repair. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of TV edge-to-edge repair (E2E) compared to TVR for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR). @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed 230 patients with severe TR who underwent E2E (n=139) or TVR (n=91) from 2001 to 2020. Clinical and echocardiographic results were analyzed using inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis and propensity score matching. @*Results@#The two groups showed no significant differences in early mortality and morbidities. During the mean follow-up of 106.2±68.8 months, late severe TR and TV reoperation rates were not significantly different between groups. E2E group, however, showed better outcomes in overall survival (p=0.023), freedom from significant tricuspid stenosis (TS) (trans-tricuspid pressure gradient ≥5 mmHg, p=0.021), and freedom from TVrelated events (p<0.001). Matched analysis showed consistent results. @*Conclusions@#E2E for severe TR presented more favorable clinical outcomes than TVR. Our study supports that E2E might be a valuable option in severe TR surgery, avoiding TVR.
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Background@#There is a strong correlation between risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and aortic aneurysm (AA). We aimed to investigate the prevalence and prognostic impact of CAD and AA in patients who underwent coronary aorta computed tomography (CACT) protocol, which allowed simultaneous evaluation of coronary artery and aorta. @*Methods@#Between 2010 and 2021, 1,553 patients who underwent CACT were enrolled from a tertiary center. The presence and location of AA and the presence of CAD were identified from CT. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome requiring urgent revascularization, and stroke at 3 years after the index CT scan. @*Results@#Out of 1,553 enrolled patients, 179 (11.5%) had AA. The prevalence of CAD was significantly higher in patients with AA than those without (47.5% vs. 18.3%, P < 0.001). Among patients with AA, the prevalence of comorbid CAD was higher in those with abdominal AA than thoracic AA (57.3% vs. 37.8%, P = 0.014), respectively. In multivariable analysis, the presence of CAD was an independent predictor of primary outcome at 3 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.58; 95% CI, 1.47–4.51; P = 0.001), while AA was not (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.48–2.07; P = 0.993). @*Conclusion@#In this cohort of patients undergoing simultaneous evaluation of coronary artery and aorta using CACT protocol, patients with AA had an increased risk of comorbid CAD compared to those without AA. CAD was independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes at 3 years.
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Background@#s: Fimasartan is the most recently developed, potent, and long-acting angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). However, data are limited regarding treatment effects of fimasartan in patients with heart failure. @*Methods@#Between 2010 and 2016, patients who underwent coronary revascularization for myocardial infarction (MI) with heart failure and prescription of ARB at hospital discharge were enrolled from the Korean nationwide medical insurance data. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients receiving fimasartan and those receiving other ARBs (candesartan, valsartan, losartan, telmisartan, olmesartan, and irbesartan). The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death, recurrent MI, hospitalization for heart failure, and stroke. @*Results@#Of 2,802 eligible patients, fimasartan was prescribed to 124 patients (4.4%). During a median follow-up of 2.2 years (interquartile range, 1.0–3.9), 613 events of the primary outcome occurred. There was no significant difference in the primary outcome between patients receiving fimasartan and those receiving other ARBs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46–1.45). Compared with patients receiving other ARBs, those receiving fimasartan had comparable incidence of all-cause death (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.30–1.63), recurrent MI (adjusted HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.49–3.34), hospitalization for heart failure (adjusted HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.27–1.84), and stroke (adjusted HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.18–1.96). @*Conclusion@#In this nationwide cohort, fimasartan, compared with other ARBs, had comparable treatment effects for a composite of all-cause death, recurrent MI, hospitalization for heart failure, and stroke in patients with heart failure after MI.
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The Wnt β-catenin signaling pathway is a highly conserved mechanism that plays a critical role from embryonic development and adult stem cell homeostasis. However, dysregulation of the Wnt pathway has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, multiple layers of regulatory mechanisms tightly control the activation and suppression of the Wnt signal. The E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3, which are known negative regulators of the Wnt pathway, are critical component of Wnt signaling regulation. These E3 ubiquitin ligases control Wnt signaling by targeting the Wnt receptor Frizzled to induce ubiquitination-mediated endo-lysosomal degradation, thus controlling the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms, interactors, and evolution of RNF43 and ZNRF3. This review article summarizes recent findings on RNF43 and ZNRF3 and their potential implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to target the Wnt signaling pathway in various diseases, including cancer.
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The purpose of this study was to measure bone age using an artificial intelligence program based on the Greulich-Pyle (GP) method to find out the bone age corresponding to each stage of cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) and the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3). This study was conducted on 3,118 patients who visited pediatric dentistry at Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital and Pusan National University Dental Hospital from 2013 to 2021. The CVM stage was divided into 5 stages according to the classification by Baccetti, and the MP3 stage was divided into 5 stages according to the methods of Hägg and Taranger. Based on the GP method, bone age was evaluated using an artificial intelligence program. The pubertal growth spurt in the CVM stage was CVM II and III. The mean bone age in CVM II was 11.00 ± 1.81 years for males and 10.00 ± 1.49 years for females, and in CVM III, 13.00 ± 1.46 years for males and 12.00 ± 1.44 years for females (p < 0.0001). The pubertal growth spurt in the MP3 stage was MP3 - G stage. The bone age at the MP3 - G stage was 13.14 ± 1.07 years for males and 11.40 ± 1.09 years for females (p < 0.0001). Bone age evaluation using artificial intelligence is worth using in clinical practice, and it is expected that a faster and more accurate diagnosis will be possible.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common inheritable cardiomyopathies. Contemporary management strategies, including the advent of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and effective anticoagulation, have substantially improved the clinical course of HCM patients; however, the disease burden of HCM is still high in Korea. Sudden cardiac death (SCD), atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic risk, dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, and heart failure (HF) progression remain important issues in HCM. SCD in HCM can be effectively prevented with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. However, appropriate patient selection is important for primary prevention, and the 5-year SCD risk score and the presence of major SCD risk factors should be considered. Anticoagulation should be initiated in all HCM patients with atrial fibrillation regardless of the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score, and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants are the first option. Symptomatic dynamic LVOT obstruction is first treated medically with negative inotropes, and if symptoms persist, septal reduction therapy is considered. The recently approved myosin inhibitor mavacamten is promising. HF in HCM is usually related to diastolic dysfunction, while about 5% of HCM patients show reduced left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, also referred to as “end-stage” HCM. Myocardial fibrosis plays an important role in the progression to advanced HF in patients with HCM. Patients who do not respond to guideline-directed medical therapy can be considered for heart transplantation. The development of imaging techniques, such as myocardial deformation on echocardiography and late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance, can provide better risk evaluation and decision-making for management strategies in HCM.
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Background/Aims@#Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with the occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, to date, there have been few studies on the risk of VTE in Asian IBD patients. We aimed to estimate the incidence of VTE in Asian IBD patients and to determine if IBD is related to increased VTE risk. @*Methods@#We performed a population-based cohort study between 2004 and 2015 using Korean National Health Insurance data. IBD and VTE were defined by ICD-10 codes. Incidence rates of VTE were calculated among patients with IBD and among age- and sex-matched controls. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression with adjustment for multiple variables. We performed additional analyses stratifying by age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, and disease type. @*Results@#Among the 45,037 patients with IBD (IBD cohort) and 133,019 matched controls (nonIBD cohort) included in our analysis, 411 IBD patients and 641 controls developed VTE. The IBD cohort had a higher incidence rate ratio and risk of VTE than the non-IBD cohort (incidence rate ratio: 1.92 and hazard ratio: 1.93). Older age, female sex, higher CCI scores, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, use of steroids, and hospitalization were significant risk factors for VTE in patients with IBD. @*Conclusions@#The IBD patients in this study were approximately two times more likely to develop VTE than the non-IBD individuals. Our findings support the need for thromboprophylaxis in Asian IBD patients with various factors that further increase the risk of VTE.
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The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has completely changed human life for more than two years. Upon the emergence of this new lethal virus, multiple approaches were utilized to gain basic knowledge about its biology. Moreover, modern technologies, such as the organoid model system and next-generation sequencing, enabled us to rapidly establish strategies to tackle the disease, including vaccines and therapeutics. The recently developed organoid technology reflects human physiology more closely than other model systems. Coupled with its rapidness, high efficiency, and outstanding reliability, it has provided an opportunity to develop new drugs and understand the impact of the viral pathogen on the host. Recent findings using organoids have successfully revealed the cellular tropism of the virus in different organs and identified potential drug candidates that impact the disease. This review will summarize current achievements made with organoids in the fight against COVID-19.
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Background@#Reduced exercise capacity reflects symptom severity and clinical outcomes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The present study aimed to identify factors that may affect exercise capacity in patients with HCM. @*Methods@#In 294 patients with HCM and preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, we compared peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2 ) evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a representative parameter of exercise tolerance with clinical and laboratory data, including N-terminal pro-hormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), diastolic parameters on echocardiography, and the grade of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). @*Results@#Median peak VO2 , was 29.0 mL/kg/min (interquartile range [IQR], 25.0–34.0). Age (estimated β = −0.140, P < 0.001), female sex (β = −5.362, P < 0.001), NT-proBNP (β = −1.256, P < 0.001), and E/e′ ratio on echocardiography (β = −0.209, P = 0.019) were significantly associated with exercise capacity. Peak VO2 was not associated with the amount of myocardial fibrosis on CMR (mean of late gadolinium enhancement 12.25 ± 9.67%LV). @*Conclusion@#Decreased exercise capacity was associated with age, female sex, increased NTproBNP level, and E/e′ ratio on echocardiography. Hemodynamic changes and increased filling pressure on echocardiography should be monitored in this population for improved outcomes.
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Purpose@#This study was designed to evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes of a new surgical technique—customized staple fixation using K-wire—in displaced metacarpal neck or base fractures. @*Materials and Methods@#From November 2016 to May 2017, 13 unstable metacarpal neck and base fractures (10 patients) were treated with II-shaped customized K-wire staples fixation, after performing open reductions through minimal dorsal incisions. The radiological and clinical outcomes were retrospectively evaluated. @*Results@#A mean of 2.6 staples were used for each fracture fixation. Preoperative angulation of 36.3°was reduced to 3.1° postoperatively. A week after surgery, the volar short arm splint was replaced with a dorsal splint to initiate active range of motion exercise, and the splint was subsequently removed after 3 weeks. The radiologic union was achieved at a mean of 5.1 weeks, and total active motion was recovered at a mean of 7.4 weeks. On a mean, K-wire staples were removed at 16.5 weeks after the surgery, and the mean treatment took 18.6 weeks. At the final follow-up (at mean 27.3 weeks), no significant difference was observed for total active motion of the digits and grip strength, when compared to the contralateral hand. Complete union was achieved in all fractures without deformity, or complications such as infection or nerve injury. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic and functional outcomes. @*Conclusion@#K-wire stapling is an effective alternative modality in treating unstable displaced metacarpal neck or base fractures. It requires minimal incision to enable open reduction. In addition, early mobilization is ensured through the rigid fixations. Moreover, it prevents postoperative joint stiffness and reduces the time needed for treatment.
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Background@#: Effective communication between doctors and patients is very important not only for diagnosis and treatment but also for building trust. Although teaching communication skills is very important in medical schools, there are limitations such as the number of students and the uncertainty of the patient population. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of Fishbowl method to teach communication skills to medical students, which involves the medical students communicating with standardized patients in front of a large classroom and being observed by rest of the students. @*Methods@#: This study involves 10 weeks of educating 126 fourth grade medical students and graduates. During this period, total 8 classes were taken by subjects, where each class lasts 2 hours and is conducted by observing treatments of the standardized patients on 14 clinical topics by randomly selected medical students and giving feedback on the communication skills of the selected medical students. The educational effect was evaluated based on the scores of the clinical performance examination before and after the classes. @*Results@#: The scores assessed for medical history taking before and after the training are increased by 2.45 (p<0.001) and the scores for patient-doctor relationship is increased by 7.56 (p<0.001). @*Conclusions@#: It is expected to improve the communication skills of medical students by large scale lectures with standardized patients.
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Background and Objectives@#In patients with perioperative cardiac troponin (cTn) I below the 99th-percentile upper range of limit (URL), mortality according to cTn I level has not been fully evaluated. This study evaluated the association between postoperative cTn I level above the lowest limit of detection but within the 99th-percentile URL and 30-day mortality after noncardiac surgery. @*Methods@#Patients with cTn I values below the 99th-percentile URL during the perioperative period were divided into a no-elevation group with cTn I at the lowest limit of detection (6 ng/L) and a minor elevation group with cTn I elevation below the 99th percentile URL (6 ng/L < cTn I < 40 ng/L). The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. @*Results@#Of the 5,312 study participants, 2,582 (48.6%) were included in the no-elevation group and 2,730 (51.4%) were included in the minor elevation group. After propensity scorematching, the minor elevation group showed significantly increased 30-day mortality (0.5% vs. 2.3%; hazard ratio, 4.30; 95% confidence interval, 2.23–8.29; p<0.001). The estimated cutoff value of cTn I to predict 30-day mortality was 6 ng/L with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.657. @*Conclusions@#A mild elevation of cTn I within the 99th-percentile URL after noncardiac surgery was significantly associated with increased 30-day mortality as compared with the lowest limit of detection.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is recommended to improve symptoms in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), improvement of exercise performance is controversial. This study aimed to investigate changes in exercise duration after PCI according to functional completeness of revascularization by comparing pre- and post-PCI exercise stress test (EST).@*METHODS@#Patients with SIHD were enrolled from a prospective PCI registry, and divided into 2 groups: 1) functional complete revascularization (CR) group had a positive EST before PCI and negative EST after PCI, 2) functional incomplete revascularization (IR) group had positive EST before and after PCI. Primary outcome was change in exercise duration after PCI and secondary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE, a composite of any death, any myocardial infarction, and any ischemia-driven revascularization) at 3 years after PCI.@*RESULTS@#A total of 256 patients (149 for CR group, and 107 for IR group) were eligible for analysis. Before PCI, exercise duration was not significantly different between the functional CR and IR groups (median 540 [interquartile range; IQR, 414, 602] vs. 480 [402, 589] seconds, p=0.091). After PCI, however, the CR group had a significantly higher increment of exercise duration than the IR group (median 62.0 [IQR, 12.0, 141.0] vs. 30.0 [−11.0, 103.5] seconds, p=0.011). The functional CR group also had a significantly lower risk of 3-year MACE (6.2% vs. 26.1%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.41; p<0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Functional CR showed a higher increment of exercise duration than functional IR.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is recommended to improve symptoms in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), improvement of exercise performance is controversial. This study aimed to investigate changes in exercise duration after PCI according to functional completeness of revascularization by comparing pre- and post-PCI exercise stress test (EST).METHODS: Patients with SIHD were enrolled from a prospective PCI registry, and divided into 2 groups: 1) functional complete revascularization (CR) group had a positive EST before PCI and negative EST after PCI, 2) functional incomplete revascularization (IR) group had positive EST before and after PCI. Primary outcome was change in exercise duration after PCI and secondary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE, a composite of any death, any myocardial infarction, and any ischemia-driven revascularization) at 3 years after PCI.RESULTS: A total of 256 patients (149 for CR group, and 107 for IR group) were eligible for analysis. Before PCI, exercise duration was not significantly different between the functional CR and IR groups (median 540 [interquartile range; IQR, 414, 602] vs. 480 [402, 589] seconds, p=0.091). After PCI, however, the CR group had a significantly higher increment of exercise duration than the IR group (median 62.0 [IQR, 12.0, 141.0] vs. 30.0 [−11.0, 103.5] seconds, p=0.011). The functional CR group also had a significantly lower risk of 3-year MACE (6.2% vs. 26.1%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.41; p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Functional CR showed a higher increment of exercise duration than functional IR.
Subject(s)
Humans , Angina, Stable , Exercise Test , Myocardial Infarction , Myocardial Ischemia , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , Prognosis , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Subject(s)
Humans , Angina, Stable , Drug-Eluting Stents , Exercise Test , Incidence , Myocardial Infarction , Myocardial Ischemia , Percutaneous Coronary InterventionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Although current guidelines recommend noninvasive stress tests prior to elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), it is unknown whether antecedent exercise stress test (EST) affects the outcomes of patients undergoing PCI for stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). This study aimed to investigate long-term outcomes in patients undergoing elective PCI with or without EST.@*METHODS@#We studied 2,674 patients undergoing elective PCI using drug-eluting stents for SIHD. Patients were divided into the 2 groups: the test group underwent EST with a positive result within 180 days prior to PCI (n = 668), whereas the non-test group did not undergo any noninvasive stress tests (n = 2,006). The primary outcome was all-cause death or myocardial infarction (MI).@*RESULTS@#Over 5 years after the index PCI, the risk of all-cause death or MI was significantly lower in the test group than in the non-test group in overall population (3.3% vs. 10.9%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22–0.55; P < 0.001), and in propensity score-matched population (668 pairs) (3.3% vs. 6.3%; adjusted HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30–0.89; P = 0.018). However, the incidence of any revascularization was similar between the 2 groups in overall (16.7% vs. 16.8%; adjusted HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79–1.25; P = 0.962) and matched population (16.7% vs. 18.3%; adjusted HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.70–1.19; P = 0.509).@*CONCLUSION@#Patients who underwent elective PCI with EST had a reduced risk of all-cause death or MI than those undergoing PCI without stress tests.
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BACKGROUND@#Although current guidelines recommend noninvasive stress tests prior to elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), it is unknown whether antecedent exercise stress test (EST) affects the outcomes of patients undergoing PCI for stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). This study aimed to investigate long-term outcomes in patients undergoing elective PCI with or without EST.@*METHODS@#We studied 2,674 patients undergoing elective PCI using drug-eluting stents for SIHD. Patients were divided into the 2 groups: the test group underwent EST with a positive result within 180 days prior to PCI (n = 668), whereas the non-test group did not undergo any noninvasive stress tests (n = 2,006). The primary outcome was all-cause death or myocardial infarction (MI).@*RESULTS@#Over 5 years after the index PCI, the risk of all-cause death or MI was significantly lower in the test group than in the non-test group in overall population (3.3% vs. 10.9%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22–0.55; P < 0.001), and in propensity score-matched population (668 pairs) (3.3% vs. 6.3%; adjusted HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30–0.89; P = 0.018). However, the incidence of any revascularization was similar between the 2 groups in overall (16.7% vs. 16.8%; adjusted HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79–1.25; P = 0.962) and matched population (16.7% vs. 18.3%; adjusted HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.70–1.19; P = 0.509).@*CONCLUSION@#Patients who underwent elective PCI with EST had a reduced risk of all-cause death or MI than those undergoing PCI without stress tests.
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TW-37 is a small molecule B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) homology 3 mimetic with potential anticancer activities. However, the in vivo anti-cancer effect of TW-37 in human oral cancer has not been properly studied yet. Here, we attempted to confirm antitumor activity of TW37 in human oral cancer. TW-37 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and increased the number of dead cells in MC-3 and HSC-3 human oral cancer cell lines. TW-37 enhanced apoptosis of both cell lines evidenced by annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, sub-G1 population analysis and the detection of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3. In addition, TW-37 markedly downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein, while not affecting Bcl-xL or myeloid cell leukemia-1. In vivo, TW-37 inhibited tumor growth in a nude mice xenograft model without any significant liver and kidney toxicities. Collectively, these data reveal that TW-37 may be a promising small molecule to inhibit human oral cancer.